閱讀理解之詞義猜測題

【高考考向】歷年來高考試題中的生詞量有增無減。《教學(xué)大綱》要求學(xué)生“讀懂生詞率不超過3%的傳記、故事、記敘文、科普小品文和有關(guān)社會文史知識等不同題材的材料?！痹谟⒄Z閱讀訓(xùn)練和測試中的生詞障礙往往會成為學(xué)生理解的“絆腳石”，這些“絆腳石”的出現(xiàn)大致分五類：1．舊詞新義，考查詞匯表中未出現(xiàn)的詞義；如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我們學(xué)過 course的意思是“過程，課程”等，在此顯然不符句意。根據(jù)上下文 course是汽車賽舉行的地方，可推斷 course在該句是“車道”或“跑道”的意思。2．合成詞、轉(zhuǎn)化詞與派生詞，如shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；3．“靈活”的常用詞增多，這些詞必須根據(jù)具體的上下文語境才能正確理解；4．“新鮮”的外國人名、地名、專有名稱增多，這些詞有些帶有一定的文化背景5．超綱生詞。

【高考真題】Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.

The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉訶德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？

We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.

52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？

A. End one’s struggle for liberty.

B. Waste one’s energy taking risks.

C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.

D. Lose the interest to continue learning.

【學(xué)生學(xué)情分析】 

有的學(xué)生在閱讀訓(xùn)練和測試中存在著“生詞恐懼心理”，一遇到生詞就有讀不下去的感覺。那么閱讀理解時遇到大量生詞該怎么辦? 查詞典當(dāng)然是排除詞義障礙的一種方法，當(dāng)然這只有在平常的閱讀訓(xùn)練中才可以使用。但是，頻繁的查閱詞典既影響閱讀速度，又容易破壞學(xué)生閱讀的思路和興趣。況且，一詞多義是英語詞匯的主要特點(diǎn)，詞典不一定能為學(xué)生提供單詞在特定的上下文中的具體或確切的含義。平時的練習(xí)中遇到生詞不要馬上查詞典，可以通過一定的方法來猜測理解。猜測詞義不僅是一項閱讀技巧，也是高考閱讀能力考查的一個方面，每年在高考閱讀中都有猜測詞義的試題。掌握正確方法快速而又準(zhǔn)確地猜測出生詞的含義，對提高閱讀速度和答題效率相當(dāng)重要。

【建議變式練習(xí)】

1．構(gòu)詞法猜詞

閱讀中常常會遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。掌握構(gòu)詞法對猜測詞義很有幫助。如：unforeseeable.這個詞，可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是詞根，fore是“先，前，預(yù)”的含義，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unforeseeable是“未能預(yù)見到的”意思。

Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.”

70. The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means .

A. value           B. result    

C. performance          D. connection

【答案】B

【解析】運(yùn)用“構(gòu)詞法”進(jìn)行猜測。動詞詞組come out 的意義為“露出、出現(xiàn)、顯露出”。再根據(jù)句子的語境，可猜測出其意義是：(實(shí)驗(yàn)的)結(jié)果。

2．利用同義近義詞猜詞

在生詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時會出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞的含義。統(tǒng)稱在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or，這些詞語或短語在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，甚至推出它的大致詞義。

Fermat’s Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. …

65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?

A. To encourage people to raise questions.

B. To cause difficulty in understanding.

C. To provide a person with an explanation.

D. To limit people’s imagination.

【答案】B

【解析】由句中不難看出Fermat的定理使得最具有數(shù)學(xué)頭腦的科學(xué)家絞盡腦汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled處于同等的并列關(guān)系，根據(jù)這一信息可以推出baffle表示“使困惑、難倒、難以理解”的意思。

3．利用反義詞猜詞

對比是描述，說明事物的常用方式。在對比中，對比的事物是互為相反的，因此根據(jù)反義或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系可從已知推出未知。利用反義詞來說明生詞的意義，如反義詞hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句為肯定與否定或是與不是等，在句內(nèi)詞與詞之間，在段內(nèi)句與句之間的關(guān)系上起著互為線索的作用。

A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. …

74.What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean?

A. A party designed by specialists.

B. A plan requiring careful thought.

C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble.

D. A demand made by guests.

【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)前句的否定doesn’t與后句的肯定can be這一對比關(guān)系，可以判斷出，為了慶祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻煩，可以買一個生日開心包。Hassle的意思應(yīng)該與fun相反，而與difficulty, trouble相近。答案為C。

4．利用上下文語境猜詞

任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進(jìn)而推測詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關(guān)鍵，這也是近年來高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。

【2019·天津卷，D】

Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.

The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉訶德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？

We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.

52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？

A. End one’s struggle for liberty.

B. Waste one’s energy taking risks.

C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.

D. Lose the interest to continue learning.

【語篇解讀】本文屬于議論文，講述要成功，就需要不斷的學(xué)習(xí)，這樣的生活才會有意義。

52.D

 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者談?wù)摰牟皇悄切]有到達(dá)巔峰的人，而是談?wù)撃切┎辉賹W(xué)習(xí)成長的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止學(xué)習(xí)，故選D。

5．利用定義和解釋猜詞

有些文章，特別是科技文章，通常會對一些關(guān)鍵詞給予定義，我們可以利用定義來猜測這些詞的意思。釋義法就是根據(jù)文章中的字里行間，對生詞以定語（從句）、表語甚至用逗號、破折號等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號引出并加以解釋說明的方式。

“Organic produce is always better, ” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides (農(nóng)藥), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.

62. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?

A. Growing interest in organic food.

B. Better quality of organic food.

C. Rising market for organic food.

D. Higher prices of organic food.

【答案】A

【解析】由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推斷出，越來越多的顧客像Gold一樣開始購買有機(jī)食物，其實(shí)也就是對這類食物產(chǎn)生了越來越濃厚的興趣。答案為A。

6．根據(jù)語義轉(zhuǎn)折猜詞

有時文章的作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，會用一些含有表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞，副詞或短語。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我們可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折意思猜測詞義。

However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject.

71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_____”.

A. try very hard            B. take our time

C. are very unhappy         D. feel especially painful

【答案析】A

【解析】由However從句當(dāng)中的at first glance（乍一眼看上去），與下文中的take special pains進(jìn)行對比，既然不是一眼就看出那么簡單，那么自然要費(fèi)力去想了。由此可以推斷出A項為最佳選項。

7．利用經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識猜詞

“I was on the way to a personal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I got onto Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) going, I fell in behind a gold Pontiac Firebird that suddenly seemed to take off quickly down the highway. The driver somehow panicked at the sight of me. He was going more than a hundred miles an hour and began passing cars on the shoulder.”

63. The meaning of “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related to ___________ .

A. shame      B. hate       C. anger      D. fear

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容描述，可以知道panicked 意思是“驚慌”，相當(dāng)于fear。

題組一（2020年高考真題）

Passage 1（2020年，新高考全國I 卷[山東]）

 According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.

To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.

Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.

For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.

The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?

38.What is the recent study mainly about?

A.Food safety. B.Movie viewership.

C.Consumer demand. D.Eating behavior.

39.What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?

A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons.

C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons.

40.Why did the researchers hire the actor?

A.To see how she would affect the participants.

B.To test if the participants could recognize her.

C.To find out what she would do in the two tests.

D.To study why she could keep her weight down.

41.On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?

A.How hungry we are. B.How slim we want to be.

C.How we perceive others. D.How we feel about the food.

Passage 2（2020年，全國卷I）

Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity - but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.

The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.

There are three books I reread annually .The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (隨筆) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.

While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.

50.Why does the author like rereading?

A.It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.

B.It’s a window to a whole new world.

C.It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.

D.It extends the understanding of oneself.

51.What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?

A.It’s a brief account of a trip.

B.It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.

C.It’s a record of a historic event.

D.It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.

52.What does the underlined word ＂currency＂ in paragraph 4 refer to?

A.Debt  B.Reward.  C.Allowance.   D.Face value.

53.What can we infer about the author from the text?

A.He loves poetry.

B.He’s an editor.

C.He’s very ambitious.

D.He teaches reading.

撰文：楊雪 楊佳順

圖片：無

審核：丁勁松

上傳：楊佳順